Leather goods and handbag testing

With the continuous pursuit of leather quality by consumers and the strengthening of awareness of green consumption trends, businesses are simultaneously facing unlimited business opportunities and huge challenges brought by the leather market. Whether it is leather production enterprises, product designers, or purchasing units, they all need to have a full understanding of the physical and chemical properties of leather and the final performance of the product, to ensure the selection of the correct materials to produce products that satisfy customers. Therefore, more and more customers are coming to NormalTCI for testing, seeking fast and professional testing solutions for leather, leather goods, and handbag products.

The main service contents include:

Handbags and small suitcases

The strength and firmness of the hand strap are important factors in measuring the quality of handbags and suitcases. NormalTCI testing can evaluate the quality risks of carrying straps in terms of bearing strength and interface firmness. In addition, we can provide a complete set of color fastness tests, water spot tests, and more related tests, especially in handbags, to assess the risk of color transfer to clothing and the possible occurrence of bubbles when leather products come into contact with water.

● Belt

NormalTCI Nuomo Testing can provide comprehensive testing based on customer needs to ensure the "applicability" of products, from labels, color fastness (dry wet friction color fastness, water fastness, and others) to corrosion resistance testing of buckles and other metal components.

● Leather clothing

Tests such as dry cleaning color fastness, sun fastness, coating adhesion strength, and rubbing color fastness can be used for testing finished garments or materials and components before production. Components such as zippers, lining, adhesive lining, and buttons also require performance evaluation. In addition, the cleanliness assessment of ready to wear clothing also needs to be considered.

●Small leather items (wallets, wallets, etc.) and large suitcases

The tests applicable to small leather products include bead adhesion, button adhesion, seam strength, lining wear resistance, fabric resistance to twists and turns, etc. Common testing items for luggage include buckle/handle strength testing, wear resistance, bending resistance, and seam strength testing.

●Chemical testing in leather

NormalTCI can provide detection of harmful chemicals such as hexavalent chromium, specific azo dyes, formaldehyde, and pentachlorophenol that may be present in leather products. Even if there are small amounts of such chemicals in leather products, they can pose a threat to consumer health and/or cause pollution to the environment.

Main testing standards

●The American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC)

●American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

●Australian Standards Institute (AS)

●British Standards Institution (BS)

● Canadian Standards Board (CAN/CGSB)

● German Institute for Standardization (DIN)

●European Committee for Standardization (EN)

●China National Standardization Administration (GB)

●International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

● Japanese Industrial Association (JIS)

Standard Number   Standard Name

AATCC 118 Oil Resistance: Hydrocarbon Resistance Test

AATCC 8 Color Fastness to Friction: Friction Meter Method

ASTM D 6018 Determination of Lead Salt Content in Leather

ASTM D1813 Determination of Leather Thickness

ASTM D1912 Test Method for Cold Cracking Performance of Furniture Leather

ASTM D2097 Furniture Leather Folding Test Method

ASTM D2099 Standard Test Method for Dynamic Waterproofing of Shoe Upper Leather

ASTM D6116 Adhesion Standard Test Method

BS 5852 Assessment of Combustion Performance of Seats: Smoke Burning Method

BS 5852: Part 1 Furniture Combustion Test 1- Determination of Combustion Performance of Smoking Materials in Seat Materials

BS EN ISO 11640 Leather Color Fastness Test Reciprocating Friction Color Fastness

BS EN ISO 11641 Leather color fastness test - Color fastness to sweat

BS EN ISO 11642 Leather color fastness test Water color fastness

BS EN ISO 11644 Determination of adhesion strength of leather coatings

BS EN ISO 13365 Leather chemical testing - Determination of antifungal agent content in leather - Liquid chromatography method

BS EN ISO 14268 Physical and mechanical tests for leather - Determination of permeability to water and air

BS EN ISO 14931 Guidelines for the Selection of Leather for Leather Clothing (Excluding Fur)

BS EN ISO 15700 Leather color fastness test - Color fastness to water stains

BS EN ISO 15701 Leather color fastness test - Determination of PVC color transfer

BS EN ISO 17070 Leather chemical tests - Determination of pentachlorophenol content

BS EN ISO 17071 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of atomization performance

BS EN ISO 17072-1 Determination of Metal Content in Leather Part 1 Extractable Metal Content

BS EN ISO 17072-2 Determination of Metal Content in Leather Part 2 Total Metal Content

BS EN ISO 17074 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of horizontal combustion performance

BS EN ISO 17131 Microscopic identification of leather

BS EN ISO 17186 Leather physical and mechanical tests - Determination of surface coating thickness

BS EN ISO 17229 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of static water absorption

BS EN ISO 17234-1 Chemical tests for leather and fur - Determination of prohibited azo dyes

BS EN ISO 17234-2 Leather chemical tests - Determination of a certain AZO dye in dyed leather - Part 2: Determination of 4-aminoazobenzene

BS EN ISO 17235 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of softness

BS EN ISO 20433 Leather color fastness test reciprocating friction color fastness

BS EN ISO 2420 Physical and mechanical tests for leather - Determination of apparent density

BS EN ISO 2589 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of thickness

BS EN ISO 26082-1 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of contamination - Part 1: Martindale friction method

BS EN ISO 3376 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of tensile strength and elongation

BS EN ISO 3377-1 Physical and mechanical tests for leather - Determination of tear force - Part 1: Unilateral tearing

BS EN ISO 3377-2 Physical and mechanical tests for leather - Determination of tear force - Part 2: Bilateral tearing

BS EN ISO 3380 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of shrinkage temperature

BS EN ISO 4045 Leather chemical tests - Determination of pH

BS EN ISO 4047 Leather - Determination of Total Ash and Total Sulfate Ash

BS EN ISO 4048 Leather chemical tests - Determination of dichloromethane extract

BS EN ISO 4684 Leather chemical tests - Determination of volatile compounds

BS EN ISO 5398-1 Determination of chromium trioxide content in leather Part 1 Titration method

BS EN ISO 5398-2 Chemical determination of chromium oxide content in leather Part 2: Quantification by colorimetric determination

BS EN ISO 5398-4 Chemical determination of chromium oxide content in leather Part 4: Quantification using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer

BS EN ISO 5402-1 Determination of Leather Folding Fastness Part 1: Deflectometer Method

BS ISO 16131 Leather Furniture Leather Characteristics Selection of Furniture Leather

BS ISO 17228 Leather color fastness test - Resistance to aging

BS ISO 6452 Determination of Atomization Performance of Automotive Interior Materials

DB33/T 749 Determination of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in Textiles and Leather by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

DIN BS EN ISO 17075 Leather chemical tests - Determination of hexavalent chromium content

DIN BS EN ISO 23910 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of pinhole tear strength

EN 1021 Furniture - Evaluation of Burning Behavior of Decorative Furniture

EN 13336 Leather Furniture Leather Selection Guide

EN ISO 11643 Leather color fastness tests - Color fastness to dry washes on small samples

EN ISO 17226-1 Leather chemical tests - Determination of formaldehyde content - Part 1: High performance liquid chromatography method

EN ISO 17226-2 Leather chemical tests - Determination of formaldehyde content - Part 2: spectrophotometric method

EN ISO 27587 Leather chemical testing - Determination of free formaldehyde in process aids

EN ISO 5403-1 Leather - Determination of water resistance of soft leather - Part 1: Repetitive linear compression method (hardness)

EN ISO 5403-2 Determination of Waterproof Performance of Soft Leather Part 2: Repetitive Angular Compression (Maeser Leather Dynamic Waterproof Tester)

GB 20400 Limits of Harmful Substances in Leather and Fur

GB 21550 Limit of Harmful Substances in Polyvinyl Chloride Artificial Leather

GB 8410 Determination of Combustion Characteristics of Automotive Interior Materials

GB/T 11759 cowhide

GB/T 16799 Leather for Furniture

GB/T 17928 Leather pinhole tear strength test method

GB/T 19941 Leather and Fur Chemical Tests - Determination of Formaldehyde Content

GB/T 19942 Leather and Fur Chemical Tests Determination of Prohibited Azo Dyes

GB/T 22807 Leather and Fur Chemical Tests Determination of Hexavalent Chromium Content

GB/T 22808 Leather and Fur Chemical Experiments Determination of Pentachlorophenol Content

GB/T 22867 Evaluation of Leather Maintainability

GB/T 22885 Leather Color Fastness Test - Color Fastness to Water

GB/T 22886 Leather Color Fastness Test - Color Fastness to Water Staining

GB/T 22888 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of low-temperature brittle fracture temperature of surface coatings

GB/T 22889 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of surface coating thickness

GB/T 22890 Leather Physical and Mechanical Tests - Determination of Waterproof Performance of Soft Leather

GB/T 22891 Leather Physical and Mechanical Tests - Determination of Waterproof Performance of Heavy Leather

GB/T 22930 Leather and Fur - Determination of Heavy Metal Content in Chemical Experiments

GB/T 22931 Leather and Fur - Chemical Testing - Determination of Plasticizers

GB/T 22932 Leather and Fur - Chemical Tests - Determination of Organotin Compounds

GB/T 22933 Leather chemical tests - Determination of free fatty acids

GB/T 26702 Leather and Fur Chemical Tests Determination of Dimethyl Fumarate Content

GB/T 4689.20 Determination of adhesion strength of leather coatings

GB/T 4689.21 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of static water absorption

GB/T 8948 Polyvinyl chloride synthetic leather

GB/T 8949 Polyurethane Dry Leather Manufacturing

GMN 3943 Scratch resistance test - Five arm method

ISO 14930 Leather gloves

ISO 17076-1 Determination of Leather Wear Resistance - Part 1: Taber Method

ISO 17233 Leather physical and mechanical tests - Determination of low-temperature brittle fracture temperature of surface coatings

ISO 3379 Determination of Leather Grain Strength and Stretching Height: Spherical Crack Test

IULTCS/IUC 11 Leather Chemical Test pH Determination

IULTCS/IUC 11 Leather Chemical Test pH Determination

IULTCS/IUC 18 Leather Chemical Test Determination of Hexavalent Chromium Content

IULTCS/IUC 19-1 Leather Chemical Test - Determination of Formaldehyde Content - Part 1: High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method

IULTCS/IUC 19-2 Leather chemical tests - Determination of formaldehyde content - Part 2: spectrophotometric method

IULTCS/IUC 20-1 Leather and Fur Chemical Testing - Determination of Prohibited Azo Dyes

IULTCS/IUC 20-2 Leather chemical testing - Determination of a certain AZO dye in dyed leather - Part 2: Determination of 4-aminoazobenzene

IULTCS/IUC 25 Leather Chemical Test - Determination of Pentachlorophenol Content

IULTCS/IUC 26 Determination of Free Formaldehyde in Leather Chemical Test Process Auxiliaries

IULTCS/IUC 27-1 Determination of Metal Content in Leather Part 1 Extractable Metal Content

IULTCS/IUC 27-2 Determination of Metal Content in Leather Part 2 Total Metal Content

IULTCS/IUC 29 Leather chemical testing - Determination of antifungal agent content in leather - Liquid chromatography method

IULTCS/IUC 4 Leather Chemical Test - Determination of Dichloromethane Extract

IULTCS/IUC 5 Leather Chemical Test - Determination of Volatile Compounds

IULTCS/IUC 8-1 Determination of chromium trioxide content in leather Part 1 Titration method

IULTCS/IUC 8-2 Chemical determination of chromium oxide content in leather Part 2: Quantification by colorimetric determination

IULTCS/IUC 8-4 Chemical determination of chromium oxide content in leather Part 4: Quantification using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer

IULTCS/IUF 412 Leather Color Fastness Test - Resistance to Aging

IULTCS/IUF 420 Leather Color Fastness Test - Color Fastness to Water Staining

IULTCS/IUF 421 Leather Color Fastness Test Water Color Fastness

IULTCS/IUF 426 Leather Color Fastness Test - Color Fastness to Sweat

IULTCS/IUF 43 Leather Color Fastness Test - Color Fastness to Dry Wash of Small Samples

IULTCS/IUF 442 Leather Color Fastness Test - PVC Color Migration Determination

IULTCS/IUF 450 Leather Color Fastness Test Reciprocating Friction Color Fastness

IULTCS/IUF 452 Leather Color Fastness Test Reciprocating Friction Color Fastness

IULTCS/IUF 470 Leather Coating Adhesion Test Method

IULTCS/IUP 10-1 Determination of Water Resistance of Soft Leather Part 1 Repetitive Linear Compression Method (Hardness)

IULTCS/IUP 10-2 Determination of Waterproof Performance of Soft Leather Part 2: Repeated Angular Compression (Maeser Leather Dynamic Waterproof Tester)

IULTCS/IUP 15 Leather Physical and Mechanical Tests - Determination of Water and Gas Permeability

IULTCS/IUP 16 Leather Physical and Mechanical Testing - Determination of Shrinkage Temperature

IULTCS/IUP 20-1 Determination of Leather Folding Fastness Part 1: Deflectometer Method

IULTCS/IUP 29 Leather Physical and Mechanical Tests - Determination of Low Temperature Brittle Cracking Temperature of Surface Coatings

IULTCS/IUP 36 Leather Physical and Mechanical Tests - Determination of Softness

IULTCS/IUP 4 Determination of Leather Physical and Mechanical Test Thickness

IULTCS/IUP 40-1 Leather Physical and Mechanical Tests - Determination of Tear Force - Part 1: Unilateral Tear

IULTCS/IUP 41 Leather Physical and Mechanical Tests - Determination of Surface Coating Thickness

IULTCS/IUP 42 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of static water absorption

IULTCS/IUP 44 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of pinhole tear strength

IULTCS/IUP 46 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of atomization performance

IULTCS/IUP 47 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of horizontal combustion performance

IULTCS/IUP 48-1 Determination of Leather Wear Resistance Part 1: Taber Method

IULTCS/IUP 5 Leather Physical and Mechanical Tests Determination of Visual Density

IULTCS/IUP 6 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of tensile strength and elongation

IULTCS/IUP 8 Leather Physical and Mechanical Tests - Determination of Tear Force - Part 2: Bilateral Tearing

IULTCS/IUP 9 Determination of Leather Grain Strength and Stretching Height: Spherical Crack Test

QB/T 1230 Plastic Product Standard - Polyvinyl chloride nylon cloth based synthetic leather

QB/T 1327 Leather Surface Color Friction Fastness Test Method

QB/T 1584 Daily Leather Gloves

QB/T 1615 Leather Clothing

QB/T 1616 Sports Gloves

QB/T 1618 Leather Belt

QB/T 1619 Ticket Holder

QB/T 1646 Polyurethane Synthetic Leather

QB/T 1807 Test Method for Heat Fastness of Colored Leather

QB/T 1808 Test Method for Water Fastness of Colored Leather

QB/T 1811 Leather permeability test method

QB/T 1872 Leather for Clothing

QB/T 1873 Leather uppers

QB/T 2288 Film Transfer Leather

QB/T 2464.23 Leather Color Determination Method for Sweat Fastness

QB/T 2536 Woolen Leather

QB/T 2537 Leather Color Fastness Test Reciprocating Friction Color Fastness

QB/T 2680 Leather for shoe lining

QB/T 2703 Leather for Automotive Decoration

QB/T 2704 Leather Gloves

QB/T 2709 Leather Physical and Mechanical Testing - Determination of Thickness

QB/T 2710 Leather Physical and Mechanical Tests - Determination of Tensile Strength and Elongation

QB/T 2711 Leather Physical and Mechanical Tests - Determination of Tear Force: Bilateral Tear

QB/T 2712 Leather physical and mechanical tests - Determination of grain strength and tensile height: Spherical fracture method

QB/T 2713 Leather Physical and Mechanical Tests - Determination of Shrinkage Temperature

QB/T 2714 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of flexural strength

QB/T 2715 Leather Physical and Mechanical Tests - Determination of Visual Density

QB/T 2717 Leather chemical test - Determination of volatile compounds

QB/T 2718 Leather chemical test - Determination of dichloromethane extract

QB/T 2719 Leather - Chemical tests - Determination of total ash content in sulfates and insoluble ash content in sulfates

QB/T 2720 Leather Chemical Test - Determination of Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3)

QB/T 2724 Leather chemical test pH determination

QB/T 2725 Determination of Leather Odor

QB/T 2726 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of wear resistance

QB/T 2727 Leather color fastness test Light fastness: Xenon arc

QB/T 2728 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of atomization performance

QB/T 2729 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of horizontal combustion performance

QB/T 2779 PVC synthetic leather for shoe upper

QB/T 2780 Polyurethane synthetic leather for shoe upper

QB/T 2799 Leather breathability determination method

QB/T 2888 Polyurethane Bundle Superfiber Synthetic Leather

QB/T 2958 Polyurethane Synthetic Leather for Clothing

QB/T 3813 Determination of Thickness of Leather Finished Products

QB/T 4043 PVC synthetic leather for automobiles

QB/T 4044 Synthetic Leather for Protective Shoes

QB/T 4046 General Safety Technical Conditions for Polyurethane Ultra fine Fiber Synthetic Leather

QB/T 4047 Polyurethane synthetic leather for hats

QB/T 4119 Polyurethane synthetic leather for shoe lining

QB/T 4120 Polyurethane Synthetic Leather for Luggage and Handbags

QB/T 4194 Automotive Polyurethane Synthetic Leather

QB/T 4195 Polyurethane Synthetic Leather for Sports Shoes

QB/T 4198 Leather Physical and Mechanical Tests - Determination of Tear Force - Unilateral Tear

QB/T 4199 Testing Method for Anti Mold Performance of Leather

QB/T 4200 Leather and Fur Chemical Experiment - Determination of Glutaraldehyde Content

QB/T 4204 Leather Cooling Mat

SAE J1351 Thermal Odor Measurement of Insulation Materials

SAE J1756 Determination of Atomization Performance of Automotive Interior Materials

SAE J369 Polymer Interior Material Combustion Performance Test: Horizontal Method

SAE J912 Determination of Adhesive Properties of Automotive Interior Materials

SN/T 2446 Determination of Dimethyl Fumarate in Leather and Its Products Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Method

SN/T 2449 Determination of Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid in Leather and Its Products Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry Method

ZJ FY/FB PG 01 Leather, Fur, Textile, Synthetic Leather, and Chemical Additives - Chemical Testing - Determination of Alkylphenol (AP) and Alkylphenol Polyoxyethylene Ether (APEO) - Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Method

ZJ FY/FB PG 07 Leather, Fur, Textiles, and Synthetic Leather Chemical Tests - Determination of Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffin (SCCP) and Medium Chain Chlorinated Paraffin (MCCP) - Gas Chromatography Method

QB/T 1268 Physical and mechanical tests for fur - Determination of thickness

QB/T 1269 Physical and mechanical tests for fur - Determination of tensile strength and elongation

QB/T 1271 Physical and mechanical tests for fur - Determination of shrinkage temperature

QB/T 1273 Determination of volatile compounds in fur chemical tests

QB/T 1274 Determination of Total Ash Content in Fur Chemical Tests

QB/T 1275 Fur Chemical Test - Determination of Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3)

QB/T 1276 Fur chemical test - Determination of carbon tetrachloride extract

QB/T 1277 Fur Chemical Test - Determination of pH

QB/T 1278 Test Method for Hair Loss of Fur Products

QB/T 1279 Physical and mechanical tests for fur - Determination of permeability to water vapor

QB/T 1280 Woolen Leather

QB/T 1284 Rabbit Fur

QB/T 1286 Sheep shearing fur

QB/T 2790 Test Method for Color Fastness to Friction of Dyed Fur

QB/T 2822 Fur Clothing

QB/T 2856 Leather Clothing

QB/T 2923 Fox Fur

QB/T 2924 Test Method for Color Fastness to Sweating of Fur

QB/T 2925 Test Method for Color Fastness to Sunlight of Fur

QB/T 2926 Test Method for Ironing Color Fastness of Fur

QB/T 2954 Fur Scarf, Fur Shawl

QB/T 2970 Fur collar

QB/T 2971 Sheep shearing products for automotive decoration

QB/T 2972 Sheep shearing products for home use

QB/T 2973 Physical and mechanical tests for fur - Determination of flame retardant properties

QB/T 4203 mink fur

QB/T 4366 Raccoon Fur

ZJ FY/FB PG 04 Fur Material Identification Method

GB 19601 Limits and determination of 23 harmful aromatic amines in dye products

GB/T 19940 Determination of Hexavalent Chromium Ions in Powdered Chromium Tanning Agents

GB/T 23972 Textile dyeing and finishing auxiliaries - Determination of alkylphenols and alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ethers - High performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method

GB/T 24331 Powdered Chrome Tanning Agents for Leather Making

GB/T 28486 Determination of dimethyl fumarate content in antifungal agents

GB/T 29493.2 Determination of Harmful Substances in Textile Dyeing and Finishing Auxiliaries Part 2: Determination of Perfluorooctane Sulfonyl Compounds (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) High Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Method

QB/T 1328 Mineral Oil Synthetic Fatliquor for Leather Making

QB/T 1330 Anionic Fatliquor for Leather Making

QB/T 1331 Acrylic acid lotion for leather making

QB/T 1654 Polishing paste and pigment paste for leather making

QB/T 2157 Testing Method for Polishing Paste and Pigment Paste Used in Leather Making

QB/T 2158 Testing Method for Fatliquoring Agents Used in Leather Making

QB/T 2222 Testing Method for Synthetic Tanning Agents

QB/T 2223 Test method of acrylic lotion for leather making

QB/T 2413 Powdered Chrome Tanning Agent for Leather Making

QB/T 2414 Cationic Fatliquor for Leather Making

QB/T 4202 Test Method for Thermal Stability of Leather Paint Paste

GB 19601 Limits and determination of 23 harmful aromatic amines in dye products

GB/T 19940 Determination of Hexavalent Chromium Ions in Powdered Chromium Tanning Agents

GB/T 23972 Textile dyeing and finishing auxiliaries - Determination of alkylphenols and alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ethers - High performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method

GB/T 24331 Powdered Chrome Tanning Agents for Leather Making

GB/T 28486 Determination of dimethyl fumarate content in antifungal agents

GB/T 29493.2 Determination of Harmful Substances in Textile Dyeing and Finishing Auxiliaries Part 2: Determination of Perfluorooctane Sulfonyl Compounds (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) High Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Method

QB/T 1328 Mineral Oil Synthetic Fatliquor for Leather Making

QB/T 1330 Anionic Fatliquor for Leather Making

QB/T 1331 Acrylic acid lotion for leather making

QB/T 1654 Polishing paste and pigment paste for leather making

QB/T 2157 Testing Method for Polishing Paste and Pigment Paste Used in Leather Making

QB/T 2158 Testing Method for Fatliquoring Agents Used in Leather Making

QB/T 2222 Testing Method for Synthetic Tanning Agents

QB/T 2223 Test method of acrylic lotion for leather making

QB/T 2413 Powdered Chrome Tanning Agent for Leather Making

QB/T 2414 Cationic Fatliquor for Leather Making

QB/T 4202 Test Method for Thermal Stability of Leather Paint Paste

Please consult NormalTCI for specific questions

National Unified Service Hotline: 400-6177-880

Email： [email protected]